Estimating the soil moisture curve has an important role in modeling WATER movement and solute transport in the soils. SATURATED WATER CONTENT is one of the important parameters in soil studies which is used to estimate the soil WATER retention curve and unSATURATED hydraulic conductivity. Pedotransfer functions are as undirected methods which estimate soil time consuming parameters from readily measured parameters. The multi-linear regression and artificial neural network methods were used to develop the pedotransfer functions. In this research, soil texture, bulk density, soil particle density, organic material percent and lime CONTENT percent as readily measured parameters and SATURATED WATER CONTENT as time consuming parameter were considered. In this study, using soil readily measured parameters in 136 soil samples, 14 models of multi-linear regression and 6 models of artificial neural network were evaluated in order to estimate SATURATED WATER CONTENT. Finally, measured and estimated values of soil SATURATED WATER CONTENT were compared and each model ability was evaluated by statistical indices. The indices of Geometric Mean Error Ratio (GMER), Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) showed that Minasny et al and shinoset et al models had better estimation of SATURATED WATER CONTENT. The results showed that low CONTENT of organic materials had the significant effect on the accuracy of neural network models estimation but lime percent had not the significant effect on the so called models.

SATURATED WATER CONTENT is one of the important parameters which its measurement is necessary in estimation of soil WATER retention and unSATURATED hydraulic conductivity curves. In several researches, SATURATED WATER CONTENT is assumed to be equal to soil total porosity. In some others, its value is estimated by pedotransfer functions using readily available parameters, such as bulk density and soil textural data. The objective of this study is to evaluate different presented methods in the literature in estimation of SATURATED WATER CONTENT. Since soil organic matter is considered as an effective parameter on the soil structure, in this study its influence in the estimation of SATURATED WATER CONTENT is studied. For this purpose, in the first case without considering the value of organic matter, different methods such as soil total porosity, Vereecken et al., Mayr and Jarvis, and Scheinost et al., were evaluated. In the second case, the measurement of organic matter was used in prediction of SATURATED WATER CONTENT. Then beside the other methods mentioned above, Wösten et al. model as well as two linear and nonlinear models of Rajkai et al. were evaluated as well. In the first and second cases 443 and 309 soil samples from three data bases e.g., Cornelis et al., UNSODA and GRIZZLY were used, respectively. The results showed that when organic matter increased, SATURATED WATER CONTENT increased as well. In the first and second cases, the smaller values of RMSE and AIC showed that the Vereecken et al. model predicted SATURATED WATER CONTENT more accurately than the other methods. The obtained results also indicated that models in which organic matter is considered as an input parameter could not estimate SATURATED WATER CONTENT as accurately as Vereecken et al. model estimated.

The doctrine that the CONTENT of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the CONTENT of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their CONTENT, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative WATER CONTENT, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ CONTENT and remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative WATER CONTENT, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

Background & Aim: Ocimum basilicum L. is belong to the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated as a culinary, industrial and medicinal plants in some countries from thousands years ago.The seed of this plant is rich in poly un-SATURATED fatty acids (PUFA) and produced a large amount of mucilage.Experimental: The oil of seed was extracted separately and converted to fatty acids methyl esters, and composition of fatty acids in seed oil was determined by Gas Chromatography.Results& Discussion: The results show that the highest CONTENT of total fat between (A.W.L.P.), (28.98% of dw) in Ardabil (L.P.) and lowest (17.25% of dw) in A.G.2 (W.P.). The highest Palmitic acid CONTENT is between (A.W.L.P.), (34.81 mol%) in Kermanshah (L.P.) and lowest (2.05 mol%) is in Kerman (L.P.). The highest Stearic acid CONTENT is between (A.W.L.P.), (7.56 mol %) in Ahwaz (L.P.) and lowest (1.42 mol%) in Ardabil (W.P.). The highest of Oleic acid between (A.W.L.P.), (22.81 mol%) in Ghom (L.P.) and lowest (11.10 mol%) in A.G.2 (W.P.). The highest Linoleic acid CONTENT between (A.W.L.P.), (25.60 mol%) in A.G.1 (L.P.) and lowest (15.55 mol%) in Kermanshah (L.P.). The highest amount of Linolenic acid between (A.W.L.P.), (53.89 mol%) in A.G.1 (W.P.) and lowest (28.08 mol%) in Kermanshah (L.P.). The results also definite clearly that the seed of O. basilicum populations have large amount of un-SATURATED fatty acids, mucilage and they have a few amount of SATURATED fatty acids.

One of the important factors that limits the maintenance and expansion of agriculture in irrigated lands of arid areas is the WATER shortage. Reuse of the municipal waste WATER effluent as one of the uncommon WATER resources especially around the big cities has received a lot of attention. One of the most important physical properties of the soil affected by using wasteWATER is the SATURATED soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks). In order to investigate the effect of wasteWATER on Ks, the farms with sand, silty loam and clay were selected from the area around Parkand Abad (2) refinery in Mashhad that has been irrigated during the past 5 years with wasteWATER. Undistirbed sample was selected and SATURATED with WATER, wasteWATER and mixture of them was used to determine the amount of ks (with constant head method) and the pbof soil in laboratory. The results showed that the farms with wasteWATER with total suspended solids of 60 mg per litere floating in WATER limits the ks in different textures. The reduction in soil with clay texture as about 9 Percent and in silty loam and sand was about 4.5 and 2 Percent respectively. Using WATER as the liquid of experiment didn't have any effect on increasing the amount Ks so that leaching the soil under the irrigation with wasteWATER increased the soil saturation up to 3 percent That shows no effect of leaching in improving the WATER direction. The most change of pb was observed in clay soil about 11 percent and the least in sand texture soil about 0.6 percent that with respect to the amount of floating materials in wasteWATER (60 mg) per liter the use of wasteWATER has been effective in blocking the soil openings. It seems that the floating material in waste WATER soil aggregation and the duration of continuous use of wasteWATER are effective factors in changing the physical properties of soil such as Conductivity of WATER SATURATED soil.

Since most natural deposits are a combination of sand and fine grains and as man-made geotechnical structures like tailing dams have a high percentage of cohesive and cohesionless fine grains, the study of cyclic and post cyclic behavior of these soils is essential. For SATURATED sands, the effect of non-plastic fine grains (silts) on their monotonic and cyclic behavior has been investigated. A majority of studies are related to monotonic and cyclic loading and post-cyclic loading has received less attention. In this paper, the effects of silt CONTENT and different Cyclic Stress Ratios on the cyclic and post-cyclic behavior of SATURATED loose sand are investigated. The sand used in this study is Firuzkuh silty crushing sand, which is abbreviated to sand . All samples were prepared so that their relative density was about after consolidating. The experiments were performed using the SATURATED cyclic triaxial apparatus. Suitable preparation of specimens was one of the most important factors in the accurate performance of triaxial tests. The cyclic and post cyclic tests on mixtures made of sand with silt were undertaken following the recommendation of D4254. Changes in pore pressure coefficient, liquefaction resistance, stress-strain curves, and stress path in clean and silty sand ( silt) were recorded. Results show that the tested samples become liquefied in a smaller number of cycles by increasing the until they show softening behavior at larger when effective stress rapidly drops to zero. In lower , the stress-strain curve is collapsible while in larger , loops expand and they indicate more damping of materials.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The cultivation of soybeans in Indonesia frequently encounters challenges related to WATER saturation and drought, which ultimately leads to reduced productivity. The objective of this study was to determine how various soybean varieties react to WATERlogging and drought in order to identify soybean cultivars that exhibit tolerance to both types of stressors.METHODS: The study was conducted at the greenhouse of the Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute, spanning from June to August 2022. A factorial randomized block design was employed, utilizing pots as the experimental units, with three replicates. The first factor is the availability of groundWATER, namely optimal WATER available (field capacity), 40 percent of field capacity (drought stress), and WATER-SATURATED soil (WATERlogging stress). The soybean variety is the second factor to consider, which includes Dering 1 (known for its drought tolerance), Dering 2 (also drought tolerant), Deja 1 (tolerant to WATER saturation), Deja 2 (also tolerant to WATER saturation), Devon 1 (noted for its high isoflavone CONTENT), and Dega 1 (specifically adapted for irrigated lowland conditions).FINDINGS: The results showed that Dering 2 and Deja 2 varieties grown in soil moisture levels at 40 percent field capacity were capable of achieving similar growth outcomes in terms of plant height, shoot/root ratio, number of pods per plant, seed yield, and 100 seed weight compared to those grown in optimal soil moisture conditions. The stress tolerance index of the two varieties in the soil moisture at 40 percent of field capacity reached 1.03 and 0.83, respectively. The yields of Dering 2 and Deja 2 varieties at the optimal soil moisture reached 4.53 gram per plant and 6.28 gram per plant, and in soil moisture of 40 percent field capacity were 4.68 gram per plant and 5.69 gram per plant respectively. In flooded soil, the Dering 2 and Deja 1 varieties can develop the weight of 100 seeds, number of branches, and plant height as same as in optimal soil moisture, with relatively lower yield reduction compared to other varieties, with stress tolerance index values of 0.66 and 0.54. CONCLUSION: The Dering 2 and Deja 2 cultivars exhibit tolerance to drought stress levels of up to 40 percent of field capacity, whereas the Dering 2 and Deja 1 cultivars demonstrate tolerance to WATER-SATURATED soil. A noteworthy finding is the identification of soybean cultivars capable of thriving in both drought and WATERlogged environments, exemplified by the Dering 2 variety. Originally bred to combat drought-related challenges, the Dering 2 cultivar has shown promising results in WATERlogged soil conditions as well. Similarly, the Deja 2 variety, which was designed and released for WATER-SATURATED environments, was found in this study to be tolerant of drought conditions.

In this study, the effect of magnetic WATER on the soil SATURATED hydraulic conductivity has been investigated by a quite random form with four treatments and three repetitions. Treatments in this study were included: 1- potable WATER after passing through the RPM device with 500 Gauss Intensity; 2- potable WATER after passing through the Aqua Correct device with 1300 Gauss Intensity; 3- potable WATER after passing through the Elcla device with 1600 Gauss Intensity; 4-potable WATER without magnetic device(Reference treatment). Hydraulic conductivity was measured by constant head test.12 high pressure plasticpipes were used for preparation of the soil columns. The columns were fixed at new metal table with constant height form the ground in order to gather the drainage, easily. Also agricultural soil with loamtexture was compressed into the columns up to 15 cm. During 35 days, the WATER with 2 cm height was passed over the top of soil columns. At the end of 35 days, magnetic WATER had significant effect (1%) on decreasing SATURATED hydraulic conductivity. The third magnetic treatments had lowest hydraulic conductivity that it was 51% less than reference treatment. For the first and second treatments, it was 29.3 and 36% less than reference treatment, respectively.